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मध्ययुगात काळात सण-उत्सव कसे साजरे जायचे हे गुढ कुतुहलपूर्वक शोधल्यानंतर काही रंजक आणिआश्चर्यकारक तथ्य समोर येतात. मध्ययुगातल्या काही सुलतानांच्या ईद साजऱ्या करण्याच्या पद्धतीविषयी आपण काही लेखांमधून यापुढे माहिती घेणार आहोत.
तुघलकाच्या काळात अनेक उत्सव शासकीय स्तरावर साजरे केले जात होते. होळीचा उत्सवदेखील मुहंमद तुघलकाने मोठ्या उत्साहात साजरा केला होता. त्याचे काही संदर्भ इतिहासात आढळतात. तुघलकच्या काळात ईद साजरी करण्याची जी पद्धत होती त्यावर ईराणी प्रभाव जाणवतो.
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ईदसाठी खरेदी करण्याकरीता मोठ-मोठे बाजारदेखील सजवले जात असत. या बाजारात देशा-विदेशातील व्यापारी आपलामाल घेऊन येत असत. महिलांसाठी बाजारात वेगळी व्यवस्था अस्तित्वात होती.
राज परिवारातील महिलादेखील याच बाजारातून खरेदी करत असत. यातूनच महिलांसाठीचे मीना बाजार काही ठिकाणी सुरू झाले. आजही दिल्ली, आग्रा, अलीगड, लखनऊ, हैदराबादमध्ये ईदच्या पार्श्वभूमीवरअसे मोठे बाजार सजवले जातात.
मुहंमद तुघलक हा सुन्नी पंथीय होता. त्यामुळे त्याच्या शासनकाळात ईदची आचारसंहिता सुन्नी इस्लामप्रमाणे पाळली जात असे.
इतिहासात रमजान महिन्यात प्रवाशांना पुरवल्या जाणाऱ्या विशेष सुविधांची देखील माहिती मिळते.रमजानमध्ये रोजा (उपवास)च्या काळात यात्रेकरुंना मार्गांमध्ये अनेक सोयी-सुविधा उपलब्ध करुन दिल्याजात असत. तुघलक स्वतः या सुविधा पुरविण्याविषयी दक्ष राहत असे.
शासनाकडून सामूहिक इफ्तार सोहळे देखील साजरे केले जात होते. या माध्यमातून समाजातील विविध धर्मातील घटकांना जोडण्याचा प्रयत्न व्हायचा. सुलतान स्वतः काही वेळा अमीर उमरावांसाठी अशा इफ्तार स्नेह भोजनाचे आयोजन करत असे. महिन्य़ाचे रोजे पूर्ण झाल्यानंतर चंद्रदर्शन झाले की, मोठ्या उत्साहात ईदच्या तयारीला सुरुवात व्हायची.
तसे महिन्याच्या अखेरच्या १० दिवसात ईदची तयारीला वेग येत असे. त्याला अंतिम रुप मात्र चंद्रदर्शन झाल्यानंतर दिले जात. मुहंमद तुघलककडून ईदच्या रात्री अमीर, मुहतसीब, यात्री, मुत्सद्दी, हाजीब, नाकीब आणि अन्य अधिकाऱ्यांना खिलअत पाठवली जात होते. (खिलअत- सरकारी वस्त्रे जी सन्मानसूचक मानलीजात.)
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सकाळच्या सुमारास हत्तींना सजवले जात होते. या सर्व हत्तींवर रत्नजडीत अंबारी असायची. त्याचे दंडसुलतानाच्या हातात असे. अंबारीमध्ये रेशीमची बिछायत आणि गादी असायची. अशाप्रकारे विविध रत्नेआणि झुल पांघरलेल्या शंभर हत्ती सुलतानाच्या शाही स्वारीसाठी सज्ज ठेवल्या जात.
हत्तींच्या पुढे दासआणि ममलूक, नामदार पायी चालत असत. प्रत्येकाच्या डोक्यावर अर्धचंद्राकार टोपी असे. कमरेला सोनेरीपेटी असायची. या पायदळ नामधाऱ्यामागे ३०० नकीब त्यांच्या मागे चालत.
नकीबांच्या डोक्यावरपोस्तान (टोपी) ज्याला कुलाह देखील म्हटले गेले आहे, ते असे. तीनशे हत्तींपैकी काही हत्तींवर काजीउलकज्जात कमालुद्दीन गजनवी, सदरे जहां, काजीउल कुज्जात, नासिरुद्दीन ख्वारजमी, सर्व काजी (न्यायमूर्ती), विविध देशातून आलेले प्रवासी, विद्वान आणि अजान देणारा मोअज्जीन हे स्वार होत असत.
मोअज्जीनईश्वराचा घोष करीत असे आणि त्याच्या मागे सर्व काफिल्यातील लोक या घोषाचा पुनरुच्चार करीत असत.
सुलतानचा हा शाही काफिला संपूर्ण शहरातून ईदगाहकडे जात असे. या काफिल्यासह सुलतान मुहंमदशाह तुघलक जेव्हा राजमहालाबाहेर निघत असे. त्यावेळी विशिष्ट वेशभूषा केलेले शाही सैन्य त्याच्या स्वागतासाठी समोर उभा राहत.
प्रत्येक सैन्य तुकडीप्रमुख त्याची तुकडी घेऊन सुलतानचे स्वागत करत असे. सुलतानच्या काफिल्यामागे हे लोक ईदगाहच्या दिशेने मार्गस्थ होत असत.
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ईदगाहमध्ये आजच्यापेक्षा वेगळी व्यवस्था असल्याचे इतिहासाच्या नोंदीवरून दिसून येते. ईदगाहच्याद्वारावर नागरिक आणि सुलतानांच्या स्वागताची व्यवस्था केली जात असे. सुलतानाच्या काफिल्यामागे नगारेआणि वाद्य वाजवले जात. काही इतिहासकार असेही मानतात की, असेच वाद्य ईदगाह जवळही असत.
ईदगाहजवळ पोहचल्यानंतर सामान्य नागरिकांसमवेत सुलतान नमाज पठण करीत. ईदची नमाज संपन्नझाल्यानंतर सुलतान नागरिकांना शुभेच्छा देत असे.
ईदच्या पार्श्वभूमीवर विशेष दरबार देखील भरवला जात असे. या दरबाराच्या माध्यमातून सुलतानलाभेटवस्तू दिल्या जात. यासाठी काही विशेष उपाययोजना केल्या जात असत. शुभेच्छापर संदेशाची देवाण-घेवाण केली जात असे. दरबारात सुंगधी द्रव्य पदार्थ शिंपडले जात.
धुपाच्या माध्यमातून वातावरणात अल्हाद निर्माण करण्याचा प्रयत्न देखील केला जात. सुलतान आणि त्याच्या कुटुंबाकडून मिठाया वाटल्याजात. खास ईदसाठी विशिष्ट स्वरुपाच्या मिठाया बनवल्या जात असत. या सर्व मिठायांसाठी सेवा आणिमसाले इराण आणि ख्वारजमच्या आसपासच्या परिसरातून आणले जात.
यामुळेच आजही अफगाण आणि इराणच्या परिसरातील अनेक मसाल्याचे पदार्थ भारतीय बाजारात उपलब्ध होतात.
ईदच्या दिवशी चमचमीत जिन्नस व खाद्यपदार्थ बनवण्यासाठी विशेष उपाययोजना केल्या जात.रमजाननंतर साजरी होणारी बकरी ईदच्या वेळी सुलतान मुहंमद तुघलक स्वतःच्या हाताने कुर्बानी देत असे. कुर्बानीचा उंट कापण्यासाठी तो स्वतः विशेष वस्त्र परिधान करुन येत असे.
तुघलकी ईदचे असे अनेक संदर्भ इतिहासाच्या अनेक पुस्तकात आढळतात. तुघलकी ईद ही मध्ययुगात साजऱ्या केल्या जाणाऱ्या ईदच्या स्वरुपाचीच होती.
प्रत्येक राज्यकर्त्याने स्वतःच्या आवडी निवडीप्रमाणेत्यात काही बदल केले होते. अगदी हीच पद्धत इतर सणावेळीदेखील वापरली जात.
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